Grok on :the Arian emperor?

Yes, Constantine the Great's son, Constantius II, was a supporter of Arianism, a theological position that differed from Nicene Christianity. Arianism, based on the teachings of Arius, held that Jesus Christ was distinct from and subordinate to God the Father, rather than being co-equal and consubstantial as defined by the Nicene Creed.Constantius II (reigned 337–361 CE) actively promoted Arian or semi-Arian doctrines during his rule, favoring bishops and policies aligned with Arianism over those adhering to the Nicene orthodoxy established at the Council of Nicaea (325 CE), which his father Constantine had supported. This stance led to tensions with Nicene Christians and influenced ecclesiastical appointments and councils during his reign, such as the Synod of Antioch (341 CE) and the Council of Serdica (343 CE), where Arian-leaning positions were often favored.

However, it’s worth noting that Constantine’s other sons, Constantine II and Constans, leaned more toward Nicene Christianity, though their reigns were shorter and less impactful on this issue. Constantius II’s support for Arianism was the most pronounced among Constantine’s heirs.If you want more details on specific events or sources, let me know!

GROK on the western schism.

Yes, there were times when multiple popes presided simultaneously, primarily during the Western Schism (1378–1417). During this period, rival factions within the Catholic Church elected different popes, leading to competing claims to the papacy:

Western Schism (1378–1417): After the death of Pope Gregory XI, the election of Pope Urban VI in Rome was contested. A group of cardinals, dissatisfied with Urban VI, elected Clement VII, who set up a rival papacy in Avignon, France. This created two lines of popes: one in Rome and one in Avignon. At its peak, there were three claimants to the papacy:

Rome: Urban VI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, and Gregory XII.

Avignon: Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

Pisa (1409–1415): A council in Pisa attempted to resolve the schism by electing Alexander V (and later John XXIII), creating a third line of popes.The schism was resolved at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), which deposed the rival popes and elected Martin V as the sole pope.

Another earlier instance was the Great Schism of 1130–1138, when two popes, Innocent II and Anacletus II, claimed the papacy after a disputed election. Innocent II eventually prevailed.

These periods of multiple popes were driven by political, regional, and ecclesiastical disputes, leading to competing claims rather than a unified papacy.Another earlier instance was the Great Schism of 1130–1138, when two popes, Innocent II and Anacletus II, claimed the papacy after a disputed election. Innocent II eventually prevailed.

These periods of multiple popes were driven by political, regional, and ecclesiastical disputes, leading to competing claims rather than a unified papacy.Another earlier instance was the Great Schism of 1130–1138, when two popes, Innocent II and Anacletus II, claimed the papacy after a disputed election. Innocent II eventually prevailed.

These periods of multiple popes were driven by political, regional, and ecclesiastical disputes, leading to competing claims rather than a unified papacy.